Global Change Master Directory gsfc-gcmduso@mail.nasa.gov 50 2013-05-20T03:35:35Z GCMD Search: [Sensor_Name: Short_Name='MSS'] http://mddemo.gsfc.nasa.gov/KeywordSearch/OpenSearch.do 78 0 http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]NALC North American Landscape Characterization -175.0,5.0,-60.0,72.0 1972-07-23T00:00:00Z 1992-12-31T00:00:00Z 2013-05-14T04:00:00Z The North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) project is a component of the Landsat Pathfinder Program, which is part of a larger Pathfinder Program initiated by the National Aeronautics ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]NLDC NASA Landsat Data Collection -180.0,-60.0,180.0,80.0 1972-07-28T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2013-05-13T04:00:00Z The NASA Landsat Data Collection (NLDC) is a compilation of Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) scenes and Landsat thematic mapper (TM) scenes. This compilation of scenes represents data collections ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LANDSAT_MSS Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Imagery -180.0,-82.79,180.0,82.7 1972-07-23T00:00:00Z 1992-10-19T00:00:00Z 2013-05-07T04:00:00Z Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data from the Landsat satellite series are available from the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive located at the U.S. Geological Survey's EROS ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]MSS Tri-Decadal Global Landsat Orthorectified MSS Scene V1 -180.0,-82.0,180.0,82.0 1972-07-25T00:00:00Z 1987-07-13T00:00:00Z 2013-05-07T04:00:00Z The Tri-Decadal Global Landsat Orthorectified data collection consists of a global set of high-quality, relatively cloud-free orthorectified MSS, TM and ETM+ imagery from Landsats 1-5 and 7. This ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ZZZ415 Texas Natural Resource Information Service Landsat Computer Compatible Tape Archive -107.0,26.0,-93.0,37.0 1962-01-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2013-04-30T04:00:00Z These datasets are an ongoing collection of digital Landsat MSS and TM data of the State of Texas. MSS data are collected in four spectral channels with a resolution near 80 m. ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]CD37_BIOMASS_LANDSAT_GLAS LBA-ECO CD-37 SECONDARY FOREST BIOMASS AND AGE CLASS, RONDONIA, BRAZIL -64.3889,-10.7769,-62.8926,-9.3419 1975-06-19T00:00:00Z 2003-05-20T00:00:00Z 2013-04-12T04:00:00Z This data set provides tree age, forest formation, and land cover classification maps, and estimates of landscape-level above-ground live woody biomass (AGLB) for secondary forests in Rondonia, Brazil. ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]SNF_SAT_INV SNF SATELLITE IMAGE DATA INVENTORY -92.5058,47.6575,-91.7658,48.1697 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z 1986-12-31T00:00:00Z 2012-10-24T04:00:00Z The purpose of the SNF Study was to develop the techniques to make the link from biophysical measurements made on the ground to aircraft radiometric measurements and then to scale up to satellite ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]FGDL Florida Geographic Data Library -88.01,24.16,-79.65,31.38 2012-10-15T04:00:00Z The Florida Geographic Data Library (FGDL) is a mechanism for distributing spatial (GIS) data throughout the state of Florida. The FGDL is warehoused and maintained at the University of Florida's ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]slgsa Sediment Analysis Network for Decision Support (SANDS) Landsat Geological Survey of AL (GSA) Analysis -90.0,27.0,-84.25,31.0 2000-09-11T00:00:00Z 2008-09-08T00:00:00Z 2012-07-13T04:00:00Z The Geological Survey of Alabama (GSA) analyzed changes in the coastal shoreline and sedimentation using Landsat geotiff images as part of the Sediment Analysis Network for Decision Support (SANDS) ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LC09_TRANSITION_MATRICES LBA-ECO LC-09 LAND COVER TRANSITIONS MAPS FOR STUDY SITES IN PARA, BRAZIL: 1970-2001 -55.61,-4.5592,-48.86,-1.36 1985-01-01T00:00:00Z 2001-12-31T00:00:00Z 2012-07-10T04:00:00Z This data set includes classified land cover transition maps at 30-m resolution derived from Landsat TM, MSS, ETM+ imagery and aerial photos of Altamira, Santarem, and Ponta de Pedras, in the state ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]NAFD_DISTURBANCE NACP NORTH AMERICAN FOREST DYNAMICS PROJECT: FOREST DISTURBANCE AND REGROWTH DATA -126.458,26.5202,-67.9596,49.7924 1984-06-04T00:00:00Z 2009-09-16T00:00:00Z 2012-04-20T04:00:00Z This data set provides the results of time-series analyses of Landsat imagery for 55 selected forested sites across the conterminous U.S.A. The output is a pair of disturbance data products for each ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]s2k_one_deg_biomass SAFARI 2000 1-DEGREE ESTIMATES OF BURNED BIOMASS, AREA, AND EMISSIONS, 2000 -18.0,-36.0,56.0,0.0 2000-08-01T00:00:00Z 2000-09-30T00:00:00Z 2012-04-17T04:00:00Z A new method is used to generate spatial estimates of monthly averaged biomass burned area and spatial and temporal estimates of trace gas and aerosol emissions from open fires in southern Africa.Global ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]GSI_JARE_SATELLITE Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) 1:250,000 Satellite Image Maps for the Japan Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) 21.0,-72.0,45.0,-68.0 1982-04-01T00:00:00Z 2005-03-31T00:00:00Z 2012-04-16T04:00:00Z The data set is 1:250,000 satellite image maps derived from Landsat MSS images. The maps consist of 8 sheets covering bare rock areas in Prince Olav Coast, Lutzow-Holm Bukta, Riiser-Larsen Peninsula, ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]slgeo Sediment Analysis Network for Decision Support (SANDS) Landsat Geotiff -90.0,27.0,-84.25,31.0 2000-09-11T00:00:00Z 2008-09-09T00:00:00Z 2012-02-07T05:00:00Z Tropical cyclones have significantly altered normal coastal processes and characteristics in the Gulf region through sediment disturbance. The Sediment Analysis Network for Decision Support (SANDS) ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]BOREAS_LSATMSSD BOREAS LANDSAT MSS IMAGERY: DIGITAL COUNTS -106.32,53.42,-97.23,56.25 1972-08-21T00:00:00Z 1988-09-05T00:00:00Z 2011-11-01T04:00:00Z The Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) Program launched the first of a series of satellites (ERTS-1) in 1972. Part of the NASA Earth Resources Survey Program, the ERTS Program and the ERTS ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]BOREAS_NS001BIL BOREAS NS001 TMS LEVEL-0 IMAGES IN BIL FORMAT -106.32,53.42,-97.23,56.25 1994-05-24T00:00:00Z 1994-09-19T00:00:00Z 2011-11-01T04:00:00Z For BOREAS, the NS001 TMS imagery, along with the other remotely sensed images, was collected in order to provide spatially extensive information over the primary study areas. This information includes ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]INPE_LS_MSS LANDSAT MSS Data held by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil -80.0,-40.0,-33.0,8.0 1973-05-14T00:00:00Z 1987-10-06T00:00:00Z 2011-10-27T04:00:00Z INPE's only receiving station for Landsat MSS was located in Cuiaba, MT (geographic coordinates approx. 15.5S/56.0W). Data were acquired routinely over the entire range from ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Innoko1 Innoko National Wildlife Refuge Landcover and Topography; USGS, Alaska -160.0,62.0,-155.0,64.0 1986-12-31T00:00:00Z 1986-12-31T00:00:00Z 2011-09-29T04:00:00Z The Innoko National Wildlife Refuge digital data sets contain land cover classifications derived from Landsat MSS data, and elevation, slope and aspect data derived from DEM ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Selawik Selawik National Wildlife Refuge Land Cover; USGS, Alaska -162.0,65.0,-156.0,67.0 1980-05-01T00:00:00Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z 2011-09-29T04:00:00Z The Selawik National Wildlife Refuge USGS digital data set contains land cover classifications for the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge. The data is derived from Landsat MSS data and ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_YUKON_FLATS Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge; USGS -150.0,67.0,-141.0,69.0 1984-12-31T00:00:00Z 1984-12-31T00:00:00Z 2011-09-29T04:00:00Z Digital cartographic data is provided on the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge. The data set contains land cover classifications derived from Landsat MSS data and elevation, slope ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]INPE_LANDSAT1_MSS LANDSAT-1 MSS Imagery -80.0,-40.0,-33.0,8.0 1973-05-29T00:00:00Z 1976-10-19T00:00:00Z 2011-09-06T04:00:00Z LANDSAT 1 MSS imagery held by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil. http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]INPE_LANDSAT2_MSS LANDSAT-2 MSS Imagery -80.0,-40.0,-33.0,8.0 1975-07-24T00:00:00Z 1982-02-06T00:00:00Z 2011-09-06T04:00:00Z LANDSAT 2 MSS imagery held by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil. http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]INPE_LANDSAT3_MSS LANDSAT-3 MSS Imagery -80.0,-40.0,-33.0,8.0 1978-04-05T00:00:00Z 1982-07-31T00:00:00Z 2011-09-06T04:00:00Z LANDSAT 3 MSS imagery held by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil. http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ICREST Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Earth Science Technologies Vector and Raster Data -180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.0 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z 2003-12-31T00:00:00Z 2011-07-07T04:00:00Z The Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Earth Science Technologies (ICREST) Center is the overarching Center for interdisciplinary research and development in the geographic information sciences ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_B_Landcover1 Beechey Point, Alaska Vegetation and Land Cover, USGS, Alaska -168.0,66.0,-141.0,71.0 1979-01-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2011-07-01T04:00:00Z Vegetation and land cover for Beechey Point 1:250,000-scale topographic quadrangle. Derived from a single Landsat MSS scene. Printed map: AK Vegetation and Land Cover Series l-0211. Digital raster ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_Sagavanirktok Sagavanirktok Quadrangle, Alaska - Vegetation and Land Cover; USGS -169.0,62.0,-140.0,67.0 1978-01-01T00:00:00Z 1985-12-31T00:00:00Z 2011-07-01T04:00:00Z This digital data set describes vegetation and land cover for the Sagavanirktok River quadrangle, Alaska. It's derived from analysis of one Landsat MSS scene. Data in 15 map categories are stored ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ARIA_LANDSAT_MSS Arizona Regional Image Archive Landsat MSS Satellite Images -115.0,31.0,-109.0,37.0 2011-05-10T04:00:00Z This data set contains satellite imagery from the Landsat MSS instrument. The North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) project includes Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data acquired in ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]FIFE_NS001TMS NS001 TMS EXTRACTED DATA (FIFE) -96.61,38.98,-96.45,39.12 1987-06-04T00:00:00Z 1989-08-11T00:00:00Z 2011-04-01T04:00:00Z As part of the FIFE staff science data processing effort, the FIFE Information System (FIS) extracted site average radiances from the level-1 NS001-TMS products. Data were collected by the NS001 during ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]glcf-dmg Deforestation Mapping Group Tree Cover Classification Data Products -74.0,-10.0,-34.0,12.0-10.0,-10.0,50.0,20.090.0,-12.0,150.0,35.0 2009-09-14T04:00:00Z The NASA Landsat Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation Project mapped global deforestation for the humid tropics. Data sets from both the TM (Thematic Mapper) and MSS (Multispectral Scanner System) ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LANDSAT.MSS.RAW LANDSAT MSS Raw Data Product -20.0,0.0,60.0,90.0 1972-07-23T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z Most of the ESA archive has been acquired and processed at receiving stations in Fucino (Italy), Kiruna (Sweden) and Maspalomas (Gran Canaria, Spain). However, the archive ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LANDSAT.MSS.SCAS LANDSAT MSS System Corrected, absolute and statistical correction (SCAS) Product -20.0,0.0,60.0,90.0 1972-07-23T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z Most of the ESA archive has been acquired and processed at receiving stations in Fucino (Italy), Kiruna (Sweden) and Maspalomas (Gran Canaria, Spain). However, the archive ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]LSATUSERV LANDSAT User Service of the Brazilian National Institute on Space Research (INPE) -77.0,-38.0,-35.0,6.0 1973-05-14T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z The Brazilian receiving station for Landsat data is located in Cuiaba, state of Mato Grosso, Midwest region: 56 degrees 5 minutes 30 seconds West longitude, and 15 degrees ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]TRFIC_LANDSAT_TMMSS_ESIP Landsat MSS and TM Data from the Tropical Rain Forest Information Center (TRFIC) -83.0,-25.0,-35.0,15.08.0,-12.0,30.0,12.094.0,-10.0,142.0,25.0 1972-07-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z This data set consists of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery for the legal Amazon and Pan Amazon regions of South America, Central Equatorial ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EURIMAGE_LANDSAT Landsat TM and MSS data from Eurimage -180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.0 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z Eurimage distributes, in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, Landsat data received at the following European Space Agency (ESA) ground receiving stations: Fucino ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]UK-NRSC-SAT-2010 NRSC Landsat MSS imagery -180.0,-80.0,180.0,80.0 1972-07-23T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z Landsat MSS data has been available from 23rd of July 1972 and the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) acquired this data from the ESA receiving stations to build up its ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]DFD-LANDSAT_MSS System-corrected Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) data -180.0,-90.0,180.0,90.0 1972-07-25T00:00:00Z 1988-07-15T00:00:00Z 2009-04-20T04:00:00Z General information about Landsat-MSS: MSS is scanning the Earth`s surface from an near polar, sun synchronous orbit with an inclination of 98.2 deg. The time for one revolution ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Bristol_Bay Bristol Bay Region, Alaska, Vegetation Cover Classification, USGS, Alaska -163.0,55.0,-153.0,61.0 1982-12-31T00:00:00Z 1982-12-31T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z This digital data set includes vegetation cover classification derived from Landsat MSS data and can be keyed on a 1:250,000 quadrangle basis. Spatial referencing is by 50 ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Colville1 Colville River Delta Landcover Data; USGS, Alaska -152.0,70.0,-150.0,71.0 1986-01-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z Vector and digital data from the Colville River area in Alaska. Data contains land cover classifications derived from Landsat MSS data, aerial photography, and ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Izembek1 Izembek National Wildlife Refuge Landcover and Topography; USGS, Alaska -164.0,55.0,-162.0,56.0 1987-12-31T00:00:00Z 1987-12-31T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z The digital data sets contain land cover classifications for the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge derived from Landsat MSS data. Data can be keyed on a U.S. Geological Survey ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_NPRA_veg1 National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) - Vegetation Map, USGS -180.0,53.0,-132.0,75.0 1975-01-01T00:00:00Z 1977-12-31T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z A vegetation/land cover raster digital data set for the entire National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR-A) was generated from Landsat multispectral data sets. Included are eleven categories ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_N_Lakes1 North Slope Alaska Lake Inventory Water Classification; USGS, Alaska -172.0,69.0,-130.0,72.0 1983-01-01T00:00:00Z 1984-12-31T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z North Slope Alaska Lake Inventory Water Classification is a digital data set containing water classification images that can be output to 1:250,000 and 1:63,360 scale maps ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Nowitna_Ref1 Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge Data; USGS, Alaska -156.0,63.0,-153.0,66.0 1986-12-31T00:00:00Z 1986-12-31T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z This digital data set on the Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, contains land cover classification derived from Landsat MSS data and elevation slope and aspect data derived from ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Kuskokwim Upper Kuskokwim River Resource Management Area (BLM); USGS -161.0,63.0,-156.0,66.0 1980-05-01T00:00:00Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z 2009-01-21T05:00:00Z This digital data set contains land cover classifications (for the Upper Kuskokwim River Resource Management Area, Alaska) was derived from Landsat 4 MSS data, and elevation, slope and ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Iditarod1 Iditarod/George Resource Management Area; USGS, Alaska -161.0,61.0,-156.0,63.0 1980-01-01T00:00:00Z 2000-02-01T00:00:00Z 2009-01-15T05:00:00Z Since the early 1980's the EROS Alaska Field Office (AFO) has been involved in the acquisition, classification, and analysis of digital land cover data over the State of Alaska, and to ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_NW_Can_Landcov1 Northwest Territories, Canada, Land Cover Classifications, USGS, Alaska -141.0,68.0,-136.0,70.0 1972-07-23T00:00:00Z 1987-12-31T00:00:00Z 2009-01-15T05:00:00Z This digital data set of Canada (Northwest Territories) contains land cover classifications derived from Landsat MSS data. It can be keyed on a Canadian 1:250,000 quadrangle basis. Spatial ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USFWS_AK_Wildlife1 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Data Base, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska -180.0,53.0,-130.0,74.0 1956-01-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2009-01-13T05:00:00Z The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is the most northern and one of the largest Refuges within America's National Wildlife Refuge System. The Arctic Refuge is managed by the U.S. ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]EARTH_LAND_USGS_AK_Wildlif_Ref1 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Data; USGS, Alaska -151.5,65.5,-140.5,71.5 1976-08-27T00:00:00Z 1981-08-05T00:00:00Z 2009-01-12T05:00:00Z Digital land cover and terrain data of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) were prduced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation Systems Field Office, Anchorage, ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[AADC]ARAMIS Satellite Image Catalogue of the Australian Antarctic Data Centre 45.0,-90.0,160.0,-54.0 1990-01-01T00:00:00Z 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z 2008-08-25T04:00:00Z The Satellite Image Catalogue provides information on satellite imagery used in the Australian Antarctic Program. It includes satellite imagery from IKONOS, Landsat, Quickbird, and SPOT satellites ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]ZZZ302 Alabama Remote Sensing Archive Multispectral Imagery of Alabama from Landsat and Skylab -92.0,24.0,-80.0,35.0 1972-01-01T00:00:00Z 1984-01-01T00:00:00Z 2008-08-14T04:00:00Z Multispectral imagery of the state of Alabama is available from the Geological Survey of Alabama for the time period of 1972-1984. Imagery from the Landsat multispectral scanner ... http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov/getdif.htm?[GCMD]GEO1 Satellite/Aircraft Images Catalogue of the Italian Area of Interset in Antarctica from 1972 130.0,-85.0,175.0,-65.0 1972-12-01T00:00:00Z T00:00:00Z 2008-07-24T04:00:00Z Satellite and aircraft images concerning the area of interest of the Italian researches in Antarctica have been acquired and catalogued for scientific and logistic application purpose. ...