Multiple equilibria in the Southern Ocean thermohaline circulation and links to global climate
Entry ID:
ASAC_2960
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Summary
Abstract:
Metadata record for data from ASAC Project 2960 See the link below for public details on this project Public The ocean's thermohaline circulation (THC) plays a fundamental role in global climate, transporting heat poleward and regulating the uptake of anthropogenic CO2. Multiple steady-states in the THC have been identified in the North Atlantic, including an "off" state where no deep water is ... formed, yet little is known regarding the possibility for multiple equilibria of the Southern Ocean THC. This study aims to (1) examine hysteresis behaviour and possible multiple equilibria of the Southern Ocean THC, and (2) quantify the role of the Southern Ocean THC by examining the difference between "on" and "off" states in various water-masses.
Project objectives:
The overarching goal of the proposed study is to explore the possibility of multiple steady-states of the Southern Ocean (SO) thermohaline circulation (THC) and to explore their role in the global climate system. Multiple steady-states in the ocean's THC have been identified in the Northern Hemisphere [e.g., Marotzke, 2000; Rahmstorf, 2002]. While substantial climate variability and change can be inferred from palaeoclimate data for the Southern Hemisphere, our understanding of the underlying physics of SO THC variability and the associated climate dynamics remains limited. It is also unclear how the Southern Ocean THC will change in the future. This study aims to:
1. Examine the hysteresis behaviour of the Southern Ocean thermohaline circulation in relation to surface freshwater forcing, both for AABW and AAIW,
2. Explore the possibility for multiple steady-states in the Southern Ocean THC,
3. Estimate how the present-day Southern Ocean THC may be changing in relation to this hysteresis diagram, and how this relates to global climate, and
4. Quantify the role of the present-day Southern Ocean THC by examining the difference between "on" and "off" states.
Taken from the 2008-2009 Progress Report:
Progress against objectives:
Progress on this Antarctic Sciences project during 2008/2009 can be summarised as below. Each of the four main aims have been touched upon during the past 12 months, although the most significant progress has been against items 1, 3, and 4 as listed in Section 1.1 above.
The existence of teleconnections of Southern Ocean freshwater anomalies to the North Atlantic THC was investigated, primarily in the context of past climates (Trevena, Sijp and England, 2008a). We found that a Southern Ocean freshwater pulse of comparable magnitude to meltwater pulse 1A, shuts down, instead of strengthens, NADW in a glacial climate simulation. Unlike a modern-day simulation, the glacial experiment is associated with a more fragile North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, whereby freshwater anomalies that propagate into the North Atlantic are able to dominate the bipolar density see-saw.
The possibility for large-scale collapse and/or multiple steady-states in the Southern Ocean THC was also investigated using a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity. Also investigated was the impact of a slowdown of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) on regional Southern Hemisphere climate. This involved the gradual addition of meltwater anomalies to strategic locations of the Southern Ocean, then removal of these anomalies to explore whether the regional thermohaline circulation (THC) exhibits saddle-node instabilities (bifurcation points) as have been commonly found for the North Atlantic. We found that no stable AABW "off" state could persist, regardless of the freshwater anomaly imposed. We did, however, identify a significant impact on regional climate during the transient slow down of AABW (Trevena, Sijp and England, 2008b). In particular, during peak FW forcing, Antarctic surface sea and air temperatures decrease by a maximum of 2.5 degs C and 2.2 degs-C respectively. This is of a similar magnitude to the corresponding response in the North Atlantic.
Taken from the 2009-2010 Progress Report:
Progress against objectives:
Progress on this Antarctic Sciences project during 2009/2010 can be summarised as below. Each of the four main aims have been touched upon during the past 12 months, although the most significant progress has been against items 2 and 4 as listed in Section 1.1 above.
A large set of experiments were configured and analysed to examine Southern Ocean THC states in the global climate system. Specifically we conducted experiments using the Canadian University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (the 'UVic' model) wherein the model is perturbed in some way to explore the possibility for multiple steady-states in the Southern Ocean THC. Where multiple steady states were obtained, the difference between "on" and "off" states was examined to quantify the role of the Southern Ocean THC in global climate.
Three papers were published in the 2009/2010 period that were produced using support from this Antarctic Research project:-
Sijp, W. P., M. H. England, and J.R. Toggweiler, 2009: Effect of ocean gateway changes under greenhouse warmth, J. Climate, 22, 6639-6652.
In this study Southern Ocean gateway changes and the THC were examined under a suite of atmospheric CO2 levels, spanning pre-industrial (280 ppm) up to values relevant to the Eocene (1500 ppm). A markedly stronger gateway response is found under elevated CO2 levels, suggesting past work has underestimated the effects of gateway changes at the Oligocene-Eocene boundary.
Sen Gupta, A., A. Santoso, A.S. Taschetto, C.C. Ummenhofer, J. Trevena and M.H. England, 2009: Projected changes to the Southern Hemisphere ocean and sea-ice in the IPCC AR4 climate models, J. Climate, 22, 3047-3078.
In this study simulations of the Southern Ocean THC, water-masses, and mixed layer depth were examined and compared across a series of IPCC-class global climate models, under both present-day and climate change scenarios.
Sijp, W. P. and M. H. England, 2009: The control of polar haloclines by along-isopycnal diffusion in climate models, J. Climate, 22, 486-498.
In this study the ocean THC was shown to be sensitive to along-isopycnal diffusion rates in global climate models. This potentially impacts on past studies wherein multiple equilibria were obtained at unrealistic values of this mixing parameter. 
Related URL
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Description:
Public information for ASAC project 2960
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Geographic Coverage
(Click for Interactive Map)
Spatial coordinates
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N: -54.0
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S: -66.0
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E: 180.0
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W: -180.0
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Temporal Coverage
Start Date:
2007-09-30
Stop Date:
2010-03-31
Quality
The values provided in spatial and temporal coverage are approximate only.
Access Constraints
Further details about the models used in this project are available for download from the provided URL.
Data Set Progress
COMPLETE
Distribution
Distribution Media:
FTP
Distribution Size:
Approx 9 MB per file
Distribution Format:
HDF-EOS5
Fees:
None
Personnel
Role:
INVESTIGATOR
Phone:
+1 301-614-6247
Fax:
+1 301 614-5903
Email:
Joanna.Joiner at nasa.gov
Contact Address:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 613.3, Bldg 33
City:
Greenbelt
Province or State:
MD
Postal Code:
20771
Country:
USA
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Role:
DIF AUTHOR
Phone:
301-614-5284
Email:
Suraiya.Ahmad at nasa.gov
Contact Address:
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 610.2
City:
Greenbelt
Province or State:
MD
Postal Code:
20771
Country:
USA
Publications/References
Ahmad, S. P., P. F. Levelt, P. K. Bhartia, E. Hilsenrath, G. W. Leppelmeier, and J. E. Johnson, Atmospheric Products from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Proceedings of SPIE conference on Earth Observing Systems VIII, San Diego, California, Aug 3-8, 2003. http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/acdisc/ozone/docs/omi-spie-2003.doc ... Brinksma, E. J., K. F. Boersma, and P. F. Levelt, OMI-Validation
Requirements, May 16,
2003. http://www.knmi.nl/omi/documents/validation/RS-OMIE-KNMI-345_i1.pdf
Froidevaux, L. and A. Douglass, Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura
Science Data Validation Plan.
http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/project/validation.html
Joiner, J., and A. Vasilkov, First Results from the OMI Rotational
Raman Scattering Cloud Pressure Algorithm, IEEE
Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens,2006 (in
press). http://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/People/Joiner/
Joiner, J., A. Vasilkov, D. Flittner, J. Gleason and P. K. Bhartia,
Retrieval of Cloud Pressure and Oceanic Chlorophyll Content
using Raman Scattering in GOME ultraviolet spectra, J. Geophys. Res,
vol 109, doi: 10,1029/2003JD003915,2004.
Joiner, J., A. Vasilkov, D. Flittner, E. Buscela, and J. Gleason,
Retrieval of Cloud Pressure from Rotational Raman
Scattering, in Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document: Clouds,
Aerosols, and Surface UV Irradiance, P. Stammes (ed.), vol. III,
ATBD-OMI-03, version 2.0, Aug. 2002.
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atbd/ATBD-OMI-02.pdf
Joiner, J., P.K.Bhartia,R.P.Cebula, E. Hilsenrath, R.D. McPeters and
H. Park, Rotational Raman Scattering (Ring Effect) in satellite
backscatter ultraviolet measurements, Appl. Opt, vol 34,
pp. 4513-4525, 1995.
Joiner, J. and P.K. Bhartia, The Determination of Cloud Pressure from
Rotational Raman Scattering in Satellite Back Scatter Ultraviolet
Measurements, J. Geophys. Res, vol 100, pp 23019-23026, 1995.
Levelt, P.F., J. P. Veefkind, R. H. M. Voors, and J. de Vries,
Instrument Description, Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document: OMI
Instrument, Level 0 - 1B processor, Calibration Operations,
P. F. Levelt (ed.), vol. I, ATBD-OMI-01, version 2, Aug. 2002.
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atbd/ATBD-OMI-01.pdf
Levelt, P. F., B. van den Oord, E. Hilsenrath, G. W. Leppelmeier,
P. K. Bhartia, A. Malkki, H. Kelder, R. J. van der A, E. J. Brinksma,
R. van Oss, P. Veefkind, M. van Weele, and R. Noordhoek, Science
Objectives of EOS-Aura's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI),
Proc. Quad. Ozone Symposium, Sapporo, Japan, pp. 127-128, 2000.
Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass, E. Hilsenrath, P.K. Bhartia,
J. Barnett, J. Gille, R. Beer, M. Gunson, J. Waters, P.F. Levelt,
P. DeCola, The EOS Aura Mission, EOS, Transactions, American
Geophysical Union 85 , Number 18, 4 May 2004. [ Preprint]
http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/project/eos-agu-aura-article.pdf
Vasilkov, A. P., J. Joiner, K. Yang, R. Spurr, and
P.K. Bhartia, Comparisons of OMI Cloud Pressures Derived from
Rotational Raman Scattering with Collocated EOS Aqua/MODIS data with
Supporting Radiative Transfer Calculations,Validation of OMI cloud
pressure, Aura Meeting, 2004.
http://code916.gsfc.nasa.gov/People/Joiner/OMCLDRR_validation_web.htm
Vasilkov, A. P., J. Joiner, K. Yang, and P. K. Bhartia, Improving
total column ozone retrievals by using cloud pressures derived from
Raman Scattering in the UV, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L20109, doi:
10.1029/2004GL020603, 2004.
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date:
2007-04-20
Last DIF Revision Date:
2013-04-29
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