Polar Environmental Data Layers
Entry ID:
Polar_Environmental_Data
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Summary
Abstract:
These layers are polar climatological and other summary environmental layers that may be useful for purposes such as general modelling, regionalisation, and exploratory analyses. All of the layers in this collection are provided on a consistent 0.1-degree grid, which covers -180 to 180E, 80S to 30S (Antarctic) and 45N to 90N (Arctic). As far as practicable, each layer is provided for both the ... Arctic and Antarctic regions. Where possible, these have been derived from the same source data; otherwise, source data have been chosen to be as compatible as possible between the two regions. Some layers are provided for only one of the two regions.
Each data layer is provided in netCDF and ArcInfo ASCII grid format. A png preview map of each is also provided.
Processing details for each layer:
Bathymetry
Measured and estimated seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings.
Antarctic:
Source data: Smith and Sandwell V13.1 (Sep 4, 2010)
Reference: Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell (1997) Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science 277:1957-1962. http://topex.ucsd.edu/WWW_html/mar_topo.html
Processing steps: Depth data subsampled from original 1-minute resolution to 0.05-degree resolution and interpolated to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation.
Arctic:
Source data: ETOPO1
Reference: Amante, C. and B. W. Eakins, ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, 19 pp, March 2009. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html
Processing steps: Depth data subsampled to 0.05-degree resolution and interpolated to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation on polar stereographic projection.
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Bathymetry slope
Slope of sea floor, derived from Smith and Sandwell V13.1 and ETOPO1 bathymetry data (above).
Processing steps: Slope calculated on 0.1-degree gridded depth data (above). Calculated using the equation given by Burrough, P. A. and McDonell, R.A. (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems (Oxford University Press, New York), p. 190 (see http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=How%2...)
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Chlorophyll summer
Source data: Near-surface chl-a summer climatology from MODIS Aqua
Reference: Feldman GC, McClain CR (2010) Ocean Color Web, MODIS Aqua Reprocessing, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Eds. Kuring, N., Bailey, S.W. http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Antarctic:
Climatology spans the 2002/03 to 2009/10 austral summer seasons. Data interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation.
Arctic:
Climatology spans the 2002 to 2009 boreal summer seasons. Data interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation.
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Distance to Antarctica
Distance to nearest part of Antarctic continent (Antarctic only) Source data: A modified version of ESRI's world map shapefile Processing steps: Distances calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km.
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Distance to canyon
Distance to the axis of the nearest canyon (Antarctic only) Source data: O'Brien and Post (2010) seafloor geomorphic feature dataset, expanded from O'Brien et al. (2009). Mapping based on GEBCO contours, ETOPO2, seismic lines.
Reference: O'Brien, P.E., Post, A.L., and Romeyn, R. (2009) Antarctic-wide geomorphology as an aid to habitat mapping and locating vulnerable marine ecosystems. CCAMLR VME Workshop 2009. Document WS-VME-09/10 Processing steps: Distances to nearest canyon axis calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km.
NOTE: source data extend only as far north as 45S. Do not rely on this layer near or north of 45S.
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Distance to shelf break
Distance to nearest area of sea floor of depth 500m or less.
Derived from Smith and Sandwell V13.1 and ETOPO1 bathymetry data (above).
Processing steps: Distances calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km. Points in less than 500m of water (i.e. over the shelf) were assigned negative distances.
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Distance to upper slope (Antarctic only) Distance to the "upper slope" geomorphic feature from the Geoscience Australia geomorphology data set. This is probably a better indication of the distance to the Antarctic continental shelf break than the "distance to shelf break" data (above).
Source data: O'Brien and Post (2010) seafloor geomorphic feature dataset, expanded from O'Brien et al. (2009). Mapping based on GEBCO contours, ETOPO2, seismic lines.
Reference: O'Brien, P.E., Post, A.L., and Romeyn, R. (2009) Antarctic-wide geomorphology as an aid to habitat mapping and locating vulnerable marine ecosystems. CCAMLR VME Workshop 2009. Document WS-VME-09/10 Processing steps: Distances calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km. Points inside of an "upper slope" polygon were assigned negative distances.
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Distance to maximum winter sea ice extent Source data: SMMR-SSM/I passive microwave estimates of daily sea ice concentration from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).
Reference: Cavalieri, D., C. Parkinson, P. Gloersen, and H. J. Zwally. 1996, updated 2008. Sea ice concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I passive microwave data. Boulder, Colorado USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media. tp://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0051.html
Processing steps:
Antarctic:
Mean maximum winter sea ice extent was derived from daily estimates of sea ice concentration as described at http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/metadata/metadata_redirect.cfm?md=AMD/A.... The closest distance of each grid point to this extent line was calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km.
Arctic:
The median March winter sea ice extent was obtained from the NSIDC at http://nsidc.org/data/g02135.html. The closest distance of each grid point to this extent line was calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km.
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Distance to nearest seabird breeding colony (Antarctic only) Antarctic source data: Inventory of Antarctic seabird breeding sites, collated by Eric Woehler. http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/biodiversity/display_collection.cfm?col....
Processing steps: The closest distance of each grid point to the colonies was calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km.
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Distance to subantarctic islands (Antarctic only) Distance to nearest land mass north of 65S (includes land masses of e.g. South America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand).
Processing steps: Distances calculated in km using the Haversine formula on a spherical earth of radius 6378.137km.
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Geomorphology
Geomorphic feature classification
Source data: O'Brien and Post (2010) seafloor geomorphic feature dataset, expanded from O'Brien et al. (2009). Mapping based on GEBCO contours, ETOPO2, seismic lines.
Reference: O'Brien, P.E., Post, A.L., and Romeyn, R. (2009) Antarctic-wide geomorphology as an aid to habitat mapping and locating vulnerable marine ecosystems. CCAMLR VME Workshop 2009. Document WS-VME-09/10
Geomorphic feature class names and their corresponding values in the gridded files:
1: Abyssal_Plain
2: Bank_Wave_Affected
3: Coastal_Terrane
4: Contourite_Feature
5: Cross_Shelf_Valley
6: Fracture_Zone
7: Iceshelf_Cavity
8: Island_Arc
9: Island_Coastal_Terrane
10: Lower_Slope
11: Margin_Ridges
12: Marginal_Plateau
13: Mid_Ocean_Ridge_Valley
14: Plateau
15: Plateau_Slope
16: Ridge
17: Rough_Seafloor
18: Seamount
19: Seamount_Ridges
20: Shelf_Bank
21: Shelf_Deep
22: Structural_Slope
23: Trench
24: Trough
25: Trough_Mouth_Fan
26: Upper_Slope
27: Volcano
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Mixed layer depth
Summer mixed layer depth climatology from ARGOS data
Reference: de Boyer Montegut, C., G. Madec, A. S. Fischer, A. Lazar, and D. Iudicone (2004), Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: an examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12003, doi:10.1029/2004JC002378. http://www.lodyc.jussieu.fr/~cdblod/mld.html
Processing steps: Data provided in two versions: one regridded from 2-degree grid using nearest neighbour interpolation (mixed_layer_depth_summer_climatology) and the other using bilinear interpolation (mixed_layer_depth_summer_climatology_interpolated).
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Seafloor temperature
Source data: Original data derived from World Ocean Atlas 2005 data and provided on a 1-degree grid.
Reference: Clarke, A. et al. (2009) Spatial variation in seabed temperatures in the Southern Ocean: Implications for benthic ecology and biogeography. Journal of Geophysical Research 114:G03003. doi:10.1029/2008JG000886 Processing steps: Isolated missing pixels (i.e. single pixels of missing data with no surrounding missing pixels) were filled using bilinear interpolation. Data provided in two versions: one regridded from 1-degree grid using nearest neighbour interpolation (floor_temperature) and the other using bilinear interpolation (floor_temperature_interpolated).
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Sea ice 85
Proportion of time the ocean is covered by sea ice of concentration 85% or higher.
Source data: AMSR-E satellite estimates of daily sea ice concentration at 6.25km resolution Reference: Spreen, G., L. Kaleschke, and G. Heygster (2008), Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89 GHz channels, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2005JC003384 http://www.ifm.zmaw.de/en/research/remote-sensing-assimilation/sea-...
Processing steps: Concentration data from 1-Jan-2003 to 31-Dec-2009 used. The fraction of time each pixel was covered by sea ice of at least 85% concentration was calculated for each pixel in the original (polar stereographic) grid. Data then regridded to 0.1-degree grid using triangle-based linear interpolation.
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Surface wind
Source data: Average 10m wind (2000-2010) from Monthly NCEP/DOE Reanalysis 2
Reference: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis2.html
Processing steps: Monthly mean 10m u- and v-wind from Jan-2000 to Dec-2010 was averaged. Data interpolated from original 2.5-degree grid to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation.
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SST summer
Source data: Sea surface temperature summer climatology from MODIS Aqua.
Reference: Feldman GC, McClain CR (2010) Ocean Color Web, MODIS Aqua Reprocessing, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Eds. Kuring, N., Bailey, S.W. http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Antarctic:
Climatology spans the 2002/03 to 2009/10 austral summer seasons. Data interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation.
Arctic:
Climatology spans the 2002 to 2009 boreal summer seasons. Data interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation on polar stereographic grid.
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SST spatial gradient
Source data: Sea surface temperature summer climatology from MODIS Aqua.
Reference: Feldman GC, McClain CR (2010) Ocean Color Web, MODIS Aqua Reprocessing, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Eds. Kuring, N., Bailey, S.W. http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Antarctic:
Climatology spans the 2002/03 to 2009/10 austral summer seasons. Spatial gradient of the SST (degrees C per km) calculated on the original 9km resolution data, following the equation given in http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=How%2.... Gradient values were then interpolated from original 9km resolution to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation.
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Salinity 0m winter
Salinity winter climatology at 0m depth.
Source data: World Ocean Atlas 2009 (National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Springs, MD, U.S.A.) http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOA09/pr_woa09.html
Processing steps: Data regridded to 0.1-degree grid using nearest-neighbour interpolation.
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Salinity 0m summer See above (WOA)
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Salinity 50m winter See above (WOA)
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Salinity 50m summer See above (WOA)
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Salinity 200m winter See above (WOA)
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Salinity 200m summer See above (WOA)
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Salinity 500m winter See above (WOA)
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Salinity 500m summer See above (WOA)
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NOX 0m summer See above (WOA)
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NOX 0m winter See above (WOA)
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NOX 50m summer See above (WOA)
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NOX 50m winter See above (WOA)
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NOX 200m summer See above (WOA)
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NOX 200m winter See above (WOA)
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Oxygen 0m winter See above (WOA)
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Oxygen 0m summer See above (WOA)
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Oxygen 50m winter See above (WOA)
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Oxygen 50m summer See above (WOA)
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Oxygen 200m winter See above (WOA)
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Oxygen 200m summer See above (WOA)
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Temperature 0m winter See above (WOA)
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Temperature 0m summer See above (WOA)
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Temperature 50m winter See above (WOA)
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Temperature 50m summer See above (WOA)
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Temperature 200m winter See above (WOA)
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Temperature 200m summer See above (WOA)
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Temperature 500m summer See above (WOA)
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Temperature 500m winter See above (WOA)
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Vertical velocity
Upward sea water velocity at 250m and 500m depth (Antarctic only) Source data: CSIRO Mk3.5d climate model
Reference: Gordon et al. (2010) The CSIRO Mk3.5 Climate Model. CAWCR Technical Report 21. http://www.cawcr.gov.au/publications/technicalreports/CTR_021.pdf
Processing steps: Mean values calculated from the 20C3M model run 1, averaged over 1980--2000. Values then interpolated from original grid (approximate resolution 0.9 degrees latitude by 1.9 degrees longitude) to 0.1-degree grid using bilinear interpolation. 
Related URL
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Description:
Access to the raw data through the ANTABIF shared webspace
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Geographic Coverage
(Click for Interactive Map)
Spatial coordinates
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N: 90.0
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S: -90.0
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E: 180.0
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W: -180.0
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Data Set Citation
Dataset Originator/Creator:
Ben Raymond
Dataset Title:
Summary environmental layers
Temporal Coverage
Start Date:
1980-01-01
Stop Date:
2010-12-31
Access Constraints
Stored at the AADC and at the ANTABIF as data files and associated pictures. Available through the WWW at the URLs provided.
Data Set Progress
COMPLETE
Distribution
Distribution Media:
HTTP
Fees:
Free
Personnel
Role:
DIF AUTHOR
Phone:
+01-907-4747882
Fax:
+01-907 4746967
Email:
fhuettmann at alaska.edu
Contact Address:
419 Irving I, PO Box 757000
City:
Fairbanks
Province or State:
AK
Postal Code:
99775-7000
Country:
USA
Role:
INVESTIGATOR
Role:
TECHNICAL CONTACT
Role:
DIF AUTHOR
Phone:
+61 3 6232 3336
Fax:
+61 3 6283 2336
Email:
ben.raymond at aad.gov.au
Contact Address:
Australian Antarctic Division
203 Channel Highway
City:
Kingston
Province or State:
Tasmania
Postal Code:
7050
Country:
Australia
Creation and Review Dates
DIF Creation Date:
2012-04-04
Last DIF Revision Date:
2012-06-21
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