Abstract:
The TOGA COARE Data Information System ( http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/coare/ ) has responsibility for distributing information about TOGA COARE datasets and access paths.
MAS Level 1B data are available on 8500 density 8mm tape from TOGA COARE User Services at the Goddard DAAC. Each tape contains all the flight lines for one MAS flight (one day). The number of flight lines varies, but is generally between 10 and 20. The volume of data varies, but is generally 1 to 3 gigabytes per flight. Detailed instructions for reading MAS tapes is contained in MAS_Usr_Guide.ps. To obtain the data on tape, contact the DAAC User Services Office. For help with NASA TOGA COARE data residing at the GSFC DAAC contact Pat Hrubiak at hrubiak@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov.
BACKGROUND
TOGA COARE was a multidisciplinary, international research effort that investigated the scientific phenomena associated with the interaction between the atmosphere and the ocean in the warm pool region of the western Pacific. The field experiment phase of the program took place from 1 November 1992 through 28 February 1993 and involved the deployment of oceanographic ships and buoys, several ship and land based Doppler radars, multiple low and high level aircraft equipped with Doppler radar and other airborne sensors, as well as a variety of surface based instruments for in situ observations.
The NASA component of TOGA COARE, while contributing directly to overall COARE objectives, emphasized scientific objectives associated with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and NASA's cloud and radiation program.
AIRCRAFT INFORMATION
The NASA ER-2 is a high altitude, single pilot aircraft based at Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, and deployed globally in support of a variety of atmospheric research projects. It has a maximum altitude of 70,000 feet (21 km), a range of 3000 nautical miles, a maximum flight duration of 8 hours (nominal 6.5 hours) and a top speed of 410 knots true air speed. The aircraft accommodates about 2700 pounds (1200 kg) of payload. For the TOGA COARE campaign, the ER-2 payload consisted of a variety of radiometers, a lidar, a conductivity probe and a camera.
FLIGHT INFORMATION
The following table relates MAS data files to ER-2 and DC-8 flight numbers and to the UTC dates for the 13 mission flights of the NASA/TOGA COARE campaign and 2 additional flights of the ER-2 on which MAS data was acquired. The objectives (Obj) column is included for the convenience of the user; the mission objective defaulted to radiation (Rad) unless convection (Con) was forecast in the target area.
Date(UTC) ER-2 Flight DC-8 Flight MAS TapeID Obj ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Jan 11-12 93-053 93-01-06 93-053 Rad Jan 17-18 93-054 93-01-07 93-054 Con Jan 18-19 93-055 93-01-08 93-055 Con Jan 25-26 93-056 93-01-09 93-056 Rad Jan 28-29 93-057 93-057 Jan 31-Feb 1 93-058 93-01-10 93-058 Rad Feb 2 93-059 93-059 Feb 4 93-060 93-01-11 93-060 Con Feb 6 93-01-12 Con Feb 7 93-061 93-061 Feb 8-9 93-062 93-01-13 93-062 Con Feb 10-11 93-063 93-01-14 93-063 Con Feb 17-18 93-01-15 93-064 Con Feb 19-20 93-064 93-064 Feb 20-21 93-065 93-01-16 93-065 Con Feb 22-23 93-066 93-01-17 Con Feb 23-24 93-067 93-01-18 Rad
INSTRUMENT INFORMATION
The MODIS Airborne Simulator is a visible/infrared imaging radiometer that was mounted, for this campaign, in the right aft wing pod of the ER-2 aircraft. Through cross track scanning to the aircraft direction of flight, the MAS instrument builds a continuous sequence image of the atmosphere surface features under the aircraft. Wavelength channels of the instrument are selected for specific cloud and surface remote sensing applications. Also the channels are those which will be incorporated in measurements by the spaceborne MODIS instrument. The MAS instrument acquires eleven simultaneous wavelengths with 100 meters or better resolution at the surface.
Principles of Operation: The MAS Spectrometer acquires high spatial resolution imagery in the wavelength range 0.55 to 14.3 microns. A total of 50 spectral bands are available in this range, and currently the digitizer is configured before each mission to record any 12 of these bands during flight. For all pre-1994 MAS missions the 12-channel digitizer was configured with four 10-bit channels and seven 8-bit channels. The MAS spectrometer is mated to a scanner sub-assembly which collects image data with an IFOV of 2.5 mrad, giving a ground resolution of 50 meters from 20,000 meters altitude, and a cross track scan width of 85.92 degrees. A 50 channel digitizer which records all 50 spectral bands at 12 bit resolution became operational in January 1995.
DATA ORGANIZATION
Data Format: The archive tapes are created by writing each output data file (1 straight-line flight track) to tape in fixed-length blocks of 16384 bytes, in time ascending order. One end-of-file (EOF) mark is written at the end of the data blocks for each file, and an extra EOF is written at the end of the data on the tape. The last block of each file has good data at the start of the block and unused bytes (filled with null characters) at the end. Information on the length of the file is encoded in the header when the file is created. No file name, protection, or ownership information is written onto the archive tape. All information necessary to identify the file is stored in the file itself.
Documentation: In addition to this document, please obtain Volume 3, MODIS Airborne Simulator Level 1B Data Users Guide, resident in this directory in postscript file MAS_Usr_Guide.ps.
Browse Products: There are 2 GIF image files per flight line, named 93ddd??v.gif and 93ddd??i.gif where 93 is the year, ddd the Julian day of the flight, ?? the flight line number, and v or i, indicating respectively visible (VIS) or Infrared (IR) imagery.
Images from each flight, accompanied by a flight statistics summary file, reside in a subdirectory named with the date of the flight (02feb93) under mas/images.
Quality
1. The 2000 SF3 files for each state are loaded into Microsoft Access and queries are used to extract the records pertaining to census blocks and the fields being used for gridding.
... 2. The SF3 fields are combined as specified in the variable documentation to create the variables being gridded.
3. For all states, except Hawaii, the 2000 TIGER/Line files are converted to ArcInfo coverages using the ArcInfo command TIGERTOOL. For Hawaii, a census block shapefile is downloaded from the Hawaii Statewide GIS Program web site at http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/gis/download.htm and converted to an ArcInfo coverage. The Hawaii state shapefile is used because the U.S. Census tiger data for Hawaii does not use the NAD 83 datum and the Census Bureau does not specify what regional datum is used for Hawaii. The Hawaii state shapefile has been converted to NAD 83.
4. The SF3 block group data are proportionately allocated to census blocks using an appropriate variable from the Summary File 1 data. For instance, the residents in the block group with a high school degree are allocated to the block using the population age 25 and older from SF1 data.
5. The SF3 counts assigned to each census block are joined to the tiger coverages. The density of each variable is calculated for each census block.
6. A 30 arc-second fishnet is created and unioned with the census block coverage.
7. The area in square kilometers is calculated for each area of intersection. The total count for each variable is calculated by multiplying the area in square kilometers in each area of intersection by the density of that variable in the underlying census block.
8. The total count for each grid cell is calculated by aggregating the variable counts for each area of intersection that falls within that grid cell.
9. The fishnet grid for each variable is converted to raster format.
Access Constraints
None
Use Constraints
The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York hold the copyright of this dataset. Users are prohibited from any commercial, non-free resale, or redistribution without explicit written permission from CIESIN. Users should ... acknowledge CIESIN as the source used in the creation of any reports, publications, new data sets, derived products, or services resulting from the use of this data set. CIESIN also requests reprints of any publications and notification of any redistributing efforts.
