Abstract:
Metadata record for data from AAS (ASAC) Project 3024.
Public The proposed research will derive improved estimates of East Antarctic fast-ice extent and thickness, and their variability, from satellite data. These will be used to explicitly test relationships between fast ice/other environmental parameters and Emperor penguin population dynamics. We shall also combine observations with a ... wave-ice shelf-sea ice interaction model to test the hypothesis that catastrophic ice shelf break-up events on the E. Antarctic Peninsula are linked to increased ocean wave energy associated with sea-ice extent anomalies (driven by atmospheric anomalies), and/or long-period swell from far-remote storms. This work will aid comprehension of processes responsible for recent rapid ice-shelf demise.
Project objectives: 1. To measure and monitor East Antarctic fast ice areal extent and thickness, and their spatio-temporal variability, using satellite remote sensing.
2) To analyse the impact of fast ice variability on the breeding success of Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri).
3) To investigate the potential impact of sea ice on recent ice shelf break-up breakup on the Antarctic Peninsula.
Taken from the 2008-2009 Progress Report: This project has shown a strong correlation between interannual fast ice variability and Emperor penguin breeding success at Dumont d'Urville, and has produced satellite-based maps of East Antarctic fast ice (radar snapshot mosaics from November 1997/98 and 20-day composite images for 2005-2008, extending back to 2000). Secondly, significant progress was made towards implicating an atmospherically-driven anomalous lack of sea ice in recent Antarctic ice-shelf disintegrations. Finally, new research highlights a previously-overlooked mechanical coupling between the floating Mertz Glacier tongue and very thick (greater than 25m) and old (greater than 20yrs) fast ice attached to it, with important implications for ice-sheet margin stability.
Taken from the 2009-2010 Progress Report: Progress against objectives: 1) To measure and monitor East Antarctic fast ice areal extent and thickness, and their spatio-temporal variability, using satellite remote sensing.
Considerable progress has been made against this objective, building on last year's publication of the first detailed "snapshot" maps of landfast sea ice (fast ice) extent around the East Antarctic coast from 75 degrees E-170 degrees E for the Novembers of 1997 and 1999 using RADARSAT satellite ScanSAR images (see Giles et al., 2008). The main achievements are:
* The development of an improved semi-automated method to successfully derive fast ice extent (and pack ice motion) from time series of Envisat Advanced SAR images (Giles et al., in prep.), via a project with the European Space Agency and the International Space Science Institute (Berne, Switzerland). Fast ice is identified as regions of zero motion in the cross-correlation analysis of carefully co-registered pairs of satellite SAR images.
* Significant progress in the PhD project (Alex Fraser) aimed at deriving longer and near-continuous time series of fast ice extent from time series of NASA MODIS visible and thermal IR imagery at 1 km resolution. A major challenge has been to address the problem of effectively 'removing' persistent cloud cover from the images. This has been achieved by compositing many thousands of MODIS images to create 20-day composite images of the entire East Antarctic coastal zone from 10W to 170E. This technique was showcased at the prestigious International Geoscience and Remote Sensing 2009 conference in South Africa in July 2009 (Fraser et al., 2009a), with subsequent publication by Fraser et al. (2009b). During the year, this work resulted in an important new time series of fast ice extent that runs from 2000 to 2008 inclusive (Fraser et al., in prep.), with techniques being described in Fraser et al. (in press). This unique dataset represents by far the most detailed estimate of East Antarctic fast ice and its spatio-temporal variability to date. It furthermore represents an important new baseline against which to gauge change, given that Antarctic fast ice is a key yet poorly understood component of the global cryosphere (and ocean freshwater budget), is of immense ecological significance (see 2 below), and is a sensitive indicator of climate change/variability. This baseline is directly comparable to the more familiar overall sea ice (pack ice) extent product. Work is underway to determine why large regional differences occur in fast ice distribution and behaviour, including analysis of the role of bathymetry, grounded icebergs and changes in wind patterns. This work also provides crucial regional-scale fast ice information in support of detailed localised fast ice measurements carried out within the Antarctic Fast Ice network at Casey and Davis (AAS 3032).
* A collaborative project has been established with Drs Fricker (USA) and Legresy (France) to estimate the thickness of a large region of perennial fast ice adjacent and attached to the Mertz Glacier Tongue. This has been achieved by combining satellite imagery with surface elevation data from the NASA's ICESat laser altimeter satellite, although current unknowns include the thickness and density of the overlying snowcover. The results suggest that this fast ice is extraordinarily thick i.e. greater than 25 m, and may be at least 20 years old (Massom et al., subm., a). Work examining the glaciological significance of this extremely thick fast ice is described in 3 (below). Work is also underway to evaluate the impact on this and regional fast ice of the major calving of the Mertz Glacier in February 2010.
2) To analyse the impact of fast ice variability on the breeding success of Emperor penguins
The first element of this multi-disciplinary, international study was completed last year i.e. a case study showing strong links between Emperor penguin breeding success at Dumont d'Urville and fast ice distribution along the Adelie Land coast of East Antarctica and its variability due to variability in the regional wind field. Results were published in Marine Ecology Progress Series (Massom et al., 2009a), and were also presented in a keynote address to the Xth SCAR International Biology Symposium in September 2009. Work is underway to extend this study both temporally and to other species and regions, using the new MODIS-derived time series of 20-day composite maps of fast ice extent (see 1 above). This work will include a comparison of the fast ice information with new data from French penguin scientists (Drs Barbraud, Ancel and LeMayo) on Emperor penguin mortality and other demographic parameters, with a view to discovering links between the penguin demographics and fast ice variability due to changing weather patterns. Further work is in its initial stages to study the impact of fast ice variability on i) Weddell seal foraging behaviour (with Dr Hindell's group at the Univ. of Tasmania), ii) Adelie penguin breeding success and foraging behaviour (with Drs Southwell and Emmerson, AAD), and iii) other Emperor penguin colonies in East Antarctica (with Dr Wienecke, AAD). Ongoing/future work will also evaluate the impact of abrupt change on the seals and penguins at Dumont d'Urville following the Mertz Glacier calving in February 2010.
Quality
The values provided in temporal and spatial coverage are approximate only.
Taken from the 2008-2009 Progress Report:
Variations to work plan or objectives: The only variation has been to geographically extend Objective 3 to analyse the potentially ... significant impact of very thick fast ice on the dynamic and calving behaviour of the floating Mertz Glacier Tongue (see Section 1.1 above). It is anticipated that this extension will enhance the project, by highlighting a previously overlooked yet potentially important process affecting floating glacier tongue/ice shelf breakup, whereby strong coupling between very thick perennial sea ice and continental ice provides stability in certain ice sheet margin regions. It also enhances the link with AAS Project #2698 (PI: Warner), on which Dr Massom is a Co-I ("Antarctica - past, present, and future: exploring the dynamic interactions of ice sheet and ice shelves within the global climate system through computer modeling").
Field work: This is predominantly a remote sensing-based project. However, in situ and airborne observations of fast ice acquired during SIPEX (V1 2007/8) by other projects on which the PI (Massom) is a Co-I (#2901 and 3030) may prove to be useful in helping to interpret satellite laser altimeter-based estimates of fast ice thickness. Moreover, and given its extreme age and thickness, possible biological importance and glaciological significance (see 3 below), the region of perennial fast ice to the immediate east of the Mertz Glacier tongue is a prime candidate for a future multi-disciplinary field measurement campaign. Such measurements would address current major unknowns affecting our satellite altimeter-based estimates of the fast ice thickness, including snow cover thickness and density and ice density.
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"Remote Sensing of Near-Coastal Antarctic Sea Ice and Its Impacts on Ice Shelves and Ecosystems." is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Fraser, A., R. Massom and K. Michael (2009), A method for compositing MODIS satellite images to remove cloud cover for landfast sea-ice detection., IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47, 9, 3272-3282
Giles. A.B., R. Massom and R.C. Warner. (2009), A method for sub-pixel scale feature tracking using Radarsat images applied to the Mertz Glacier Tongue., Remote Sensing of Environment, 113, 1691-1699
Heil, P., I. Allison, R.A. Massom, A.P. Worby and V.I. Lytle. (2009), On-shelf off-shelf transitions of East Antarctic sea ice dynamics during spring 2003., Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, C09010, doi:doi:10.1029/2008JC004873
Massom, R.A., P. Reid, S. Barriera, and S. Stammerjohn (2009), Antarctica: Sea ice extent and concentration., Special Supplement to Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society., 90, 8, S118-S120
T.C. Peterson and M.O. Baringer (editors) (Unknown), State of The Climate in 2008, Special Supplement to Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 90, 8, S118-S120
Fraser, A.D., R.A. Massom and K.J. Michael. (Unknown), Generation of high-resolution East Antarctic landfast sea-ice maps from cloud-free MODIS satellite composite imagery., Remote Sensing of Environment.
Heil, P., R.A. Massom, I. Allison and A.P. Worby (Unknown), How do near-coastal currents affect meso-scale sea ice dynamics off East Antarctica?, Deep-Sea Research II.
Massom, R.A., and S. Stammerjohn. (Unknown), Antarctic sea ice change and variability - Physical and ecological implications., Polar Science
Stammerjohn, S., T. Maksym, P. Heil, R. Massom, M. Vancoppenolle and K.C. Leonard. (Unknown), The influence of winds, sea surface temperature and precipitation anomalies on Antarctic regional sea ice conditions during IPY 2007., Deep-Sea Research II
Markus, R. Massom, A. Worby, V. Lytle, N. Kurtz and T. Maksym. Subm. Freeboard (Unknown), snow depth and sea ice roughness in East Antarctica from in situ and multiple satellite data., Annals of Glaciology.
Massom, R.A., A.B. Giles, H.A. Fricker, R.C. Warner, B. Legresy, G. Hyland, N. Young and A.D. Fraser. Subm. (Unknown), Examining the interaction between multi-year landfast sea ice and the Mertz Glacier Tongue, East Antarctica: Another factor in ice sheet stability?, Journal of Geophysical Research.
Massom, R.A., P. Reid, S. Barriera, and S. Stammerjohn. Subm. (Unknown), Antarctica: Sea ice extent and concentration. In: State of The Climate in 2009., Special Supplement to Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.
Fraser, A.D., R.A. Massom, K.J. Michael, B.K. Galton-Fenzi and J.L. Lieser. (Unknown), East Antarctic landfast sea-ice distribution and variability, 2000-2008., Journal of Climate, Submission expected in July 2010.
Giles, A.B., R.A. Massom, P. Heil and G. Hyland. (Unknown), An automated analysis system to locate fast ice and pack ice on Envisat ASAR images of Antarctica using feature-tracking based methods., Remote Sensing of Environment., In prep
Massom, R.A., T. Scambos, V. Squire, T. Williams, J. Heinrichs, M. Pook, N. Adams and S. Stammerjohn. (Unknown), Links between recent ice shelf disintegration events in the Antarctic Peninsula and sea ice: Straws that broke the camel's back?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters., In prep
Fraser, A.D., R.A. Massom and K.J. Michael. (2009), A method for compositing MODIS satellite images to remove cloud cover., Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS 2009, III, 639-641, Cape Town, South Africa, doi:doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2009.5417841.
Massom, R. (2009), Recent Antarctic sea ice change and variability, and their implications., SCAR Evolution and Biodiversity in the Antarctic Newsletter, 4, 3
Massom, R., N. Young and W. Pyper. (2009), Wilkins Ice Shelf on verge of collapse., Australian Antarctic Magazine, 16, 25
