National Snow and Ice Data Center
CIRES, 449 UCB
University of Colorado
City:
Boulder
Province or State:
CO
Postal Code:
80309-0449
Publications/References
Goodison, B.E. 1978. Accuracy of Canadian snow gauge measurements. Journal of Applied Meteorology 17:1542-1548.
Groisman, P.Ya. D.R. Easterling. 1994. Variability and trends of precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada. Journal of Climate 7:184-205.
Karl, T.R., Quayle, R.G., Groisman, P.Ya. 1993. Detecting climate variations and change: New challenges for observing and ... data management systems. Journal of Climate 6:1481-1494.
Metcalfe, J.R., B. Routledge, K. Devine. 1997. Rainfall measurement in Canada: Changing observational methods and archive adjustment procedures. Journal of Climate 10:92-101.
Akima, H., 1978. A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting for irregularly distributed data points. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 4:148-159.
Bradley, R.S., J. England Jr. 1978. Recent climatic fluctuations of the Canadian high Arctic and their significance for glaciology. Arctic Alpine Research 10:715-731.
Currie, B.W., 1947. Water content of snow in cold climates. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 28:150-151.
Ferguson, H.L., D.M. Pollock. 1971. Estimating snowpack accumulation for runoff prediction. Canadian Hydrology Symposium No.8: Runoff from Snow and Ice. Inland Water Branch, Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources, Quebec City. 7-27.
Golubev, V.S., 1993. Experience of correction of precipitation point measurements and analysis of correction procedures. AMS Proceedings: Eighth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation Anaheim, CA. 325-328.
Golubev, V.S., V.V. Koknaeva, A.Yu. Simonenko. 1995. Results of atmospheric precipitation measurements by national standard gauges of Canada, USA, and Russia. Meteorologia i Gidrologia 2:102-110. (in Russian)
Goodison, B.E., H.L. Ferguson, G.A. McKay. 1981. Comparison of point snowfall measurement techniques. In: D.M.Gray and D.M. Male (Eds). 'Handbook on Snow: Principles, processes, management and use. Pergamon Press, p. 200-210.
Goodison, B.E., P.Y.T. Louie. 1986. Canadian methods for precipitation measurement and correction. WMO/TD-No. 104. Instruments and observing methods. Report No. 25. Papers presented at the Workshop on the Correct ion of Precipitation Measurements, Zurich, Switzerland, 1-3 April, 1985, 141-145.
Goodison, B.E., J.R. Metcalfe. 1989. Canadian participation in the WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison: preliminary results. WMO/IAHS/ETH International Workshop on precipitation Measurement, St.-Mor itz, Switzerland, 3-7 December, 1989, 121-125.
Goodison, B.E., P.Y.T. Louie and D. Yang. 1998. WMO solid precipitation measurement intercomparison, final report, 212 pp. World Meteorlogical Organization, Geneva.
Groisman, P.Y., V.V. Koknaeva, T.A. Belokrylova, and T.R. Karl. 1991. Overcoming biases of precipitation measurement: A history of the USSR experience, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 72 (11): 1725-1733.
Groisman, P.Ya., R.W. Knight, T.R. Karl, R.R. Heim Jr. 1993. Inferences of the North American snowfall and snow cover with recent global temperature changes. Proceedings of 'Snow Watch '92' Conference, Niagara-on the-Lake, Canada, March 30 - April 1, 1992, 44-51.
Groisman, P.Ya., T.R. Karl. R.W. Knight, G.L. Stenchikov. 1994. Changes of snow cover, temperature, and radiative heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere. Journal of Climate 7:1633-1656.
Groisman, P.Ya., D.R. Easterling. 1996. Variability and trends of precipitation and snowfall over North America. In 'Natural and Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales', National Academy Press, 67-77.
Groisman, P.Ya., T.R. Karl, D.R. Easterling, R.W. Knight, P.B. Jamason, K J. Hennessy, R. Suppiah, Ch.M. Page, J. Wibig, K. Fortuniak, V.N. Razuvaev, A. Douglas, E. Forland, P.-M. Zhai. 1999. Changes in the prob ability of heavy precipitation: Important indicators of climatic change. Climatic Change (in press).
Groisman, P.Y. 1998. National Climatic Data Center Data Documentation for TD-9816, Canadian Monthly Precipitation, pp. 21, National Climatic Data Center, 151 Patton Ave., Asheville, NC.
Hare, F.K., 1980. Long-term annual surface heat and water balances over Canada and the United States south of 60oN: Reconciliation of precipitation, run-off and temperature fields. Atmosphere-Ocean No.18(2): 127-153.
Karl, T.R., P.Ya. Groisman, R.W. Knight, R.R. Heim Jr. 1993b. Recent variations of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to precipitation and temperature variations. Journal of Climate 6:1327-1344.
Kurtyka, J.C., 1953. Precipitation Measurement Study. State of Illinois, Department of Registration and Education, State Water Survey Division , Urbana, Il. Report of Investigation # 20, 178 pp.
Mekis, E., W.D. Hogg. 1997. Rehabilitation and analysis of Canadian daily precipitation time series. AMS Proceedings of the 10th conference on applied climatology in Reno, Nevada, October 20-23. 300-304. American Meterology Society, Boston, Mass.
Neff, E.L., 1977. How much rain does a rain gauge gauge? Journal of Hydrology 35, 213-220.
Potter, J.G., 1965. Water content of freshly fallen snow. Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. Cirular 4232, Technical 569, 12 pp.
Sanderson, M., 1975. A comparison of Canadian and United States standard methods of measuring precipitation. Journal of Applied Meteorology 14: 1197-1199.
Sevruk B., 1982. Methods of correction for systematic error in point precipitation measurement for operational use. WMO, Operational Hydrology Report Geneva. 21:91p.
Woo, M.-K., P. Steer. 1979. Measurement of trace rainfall at a high arctic site. Arctic 32:80-84.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1973. Annotated bibliography on precipitation measurement instruments. WMO Geneva, Switzerland 2E 343:278 pp.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1979. Climatic Atlas of North and Central America, Vol. 1. WMO UNESCO Geneva, Switzerland, 39 pp.
World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth, 1974. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 638 pp. (in Russian; in English published by UNESCO Press in 1978).
Yang, D., B.E. Goodison, J.R. Metcalfe, V.S. Golubev, E. Elomaa, T. Gunther, R.E. Bates, T.Pangburn, C.L. Hanson, D. Emerson, V. Copaciu, and J. Mikovic. 1995. Accuracy of Tretyakov Precipitation Gauge: Result of WMO Intercomparison, 52nd Eastern Snow Conference pp. 95-106, Toronto, Canada.
Yang, D. 1999. An improved precipitation climatology for the Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 26 (11): 1625-1628.
Yang, D., S. Ishida, B.E. Goodison, and T. Gunther. 1999. Bias correction of daily precipitation measurements for Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research 104 (D6): 6171-6181.
